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Latvian is an Indo-European language belonging to the Baltic language group, which includes its close relative, Lithuanian. As one of the oldest languages in Europe, Latvian contains elements that reflect archaic features not found in most other Indo-European languages. Its history traces back through centuries, with the first known examples of written Latvian appearing in the 16th century as part of the efforts to translate religious texts during the Protestant Reformation.
Unlike many languages, Latvian was heavily influenced by the linguistic policies of foreign powers that occupied the region. The language was significantly influenced by German due to the Baltic Germans who dominated the social, political, and economic life of what is now Latvia for several centuries. In addition, Russian, Swedish, and Polish have left their imprint on Latvian due to the varied historical occupation and administration of the Latvian territories. This has led to a robust borrowing of loanwords, enriching the Latvian lexicon.
Unique to the Baltic languages are the long and short vowel sounds that play a crucial role, as well as the pitch accent. Latvian orthography uses a modified version of the Latin alphabet, supplemented with diacritical marks to represent its array of sounds, which includes vowels with palatalization and letters exclusive to Baltic phonology.
Latvian grammar is marked by complex noun and verb inflections, with seven noun cases used to indicate the role of a word in a sentence. In this aspect, Latvian holds onto the more intricate system characteristic of early Indo-European languages, which many other contemporary languages have simplified or lost.
Post-independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Latvian was reinstated as the national language of Latvia, leading to a significant revival and standardization of the language. Today, it boasts the status of an official European Union language and is an integral part of the national identity of Latvia's inhabitants. As a holder of cultural heritage, Latvian also features traditional dialects, which include the distinct Latgalian, spoken in the eastern part of the country.
Culturally, the Latvian language is celebrated through a vast repertoire of folk songs called "dainas", which are UNESCO-recognized and play a pivotal role in Latvian cultural and social life. These songs, often sung during festivals and family occasions, encapsulate the richness and historical depth of the Latvian language and traditions.
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