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Greek, an Indo-European language, has a documented history that spans over 34 centuries, making it one of the oldest recorded living languages in the world. Its origins can be traced back to the Mycenaean Greek of the 2nd millennium BC, written in the Linear B script on clay tablets. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since the 3rd millennium BC, and it has evolved through the ages into various dialects and forms.
The Classical period of Greek, spanning from the 5th to 4th centuries BC, gave the world the standard dialect that is often studied in academia: Attic Greek. Athens' influence on literature, philosophy, and governance made this the preeminent form of the language. The works of Homer, the tragedies of Sophocles, Euripides, and the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are all written in this historical phase of Greek.
Eventually, Koine Greek emerged as a common dialect after the conquests of Alexander the Great, which helped in spreading Greek language and culture across the Mediterranean and Near East. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Koine. Fast forward to the period of Hellenistic Greek, and then to Medieval Greek, which bore witness to the language’s transformations amidst the socio-political changes in Byzantine and later the Ottoman Empires.
Modern Greek, which became the nation's official language after the formation of the modern Greek state in the 19th century, retains a rich vocabulary of words with ancient roots. Greek has also profoundly impacted many languages globally, with English alone borrowing a plethora of terms, especially in the realms of science, medicine, and philosophy. The Greek alphabet, itself derived from the Phoenician script, continues to be distinctive with its unique characters, and has also been the progenitor of numerous other scripts, notably the Cyrillic. The idiosyncrasies and historical depth of Greek continue to fascinate linguists, historians, and language enthusiasts worldwide.
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